Law Enforcement Agencies Essay Example for Free

Law Enforcement Agencies EssayIdentify three federal law enforcement agencies. Roles and responsibilities and comparison of local and all(prenominal)ege law enforcement duties, functions, and their two primary(prenominal) differences.The duties, functions, and responsibilities of Local Law Enforcement agencies be as follows They are required to arrest law violators, perform routine patrol, investigates crimes, enforce traffic laws (including parking violations), provide labor and traffic control for example parades and other huge public events. Today they also prolong duties much(prenominal) as Performing the duties of coroners, tax assessors, tax collectors, keepers of county jails, judicatory attendants, and executors of criminal and civil processes, as well as law enforcement officers. The duties, functions, and responsibilities of State Police Agencies are as follows patrol small towns and state highways, regulate traffic, and have the primary responsibility to enforc e some state laws. They also carry out many duties for local police agencies, such as the managing of state reproduction academies, criminal identification systems, and crime laboratories. Some of the differences between the state and the local police are as follows State police cooperates with an assortment of law enforcement agencies such as local police, the highway patrol, and park or forest rangers. Really the differences between a sheriff and a police officer vary slightly from state to state, which sometimes lead to confusion.Three federal law enforcement agencies are Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Drug Administration or Agency (DEA), and the Alcohol tobacco plant Firearms (ATF). The FBI is a threat-based, intelligence driven national security organization, their principal investigative arm of the U.S. Department of Justice and a full member of the U.S. Intelligence Community,(FBI 2010). These agents are dedicated men and women of the DEA are working hard to investi gate and arrest the traffickers of the dangerous drugs. These agents also help keep our schools and neighborhoods safe and secure.The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) seeks to reduce alcoholic drink smuggling and contraband cigarette trafficking activity, divest criminal and terrorist organizations of monies derived from this illicit activity and significantly reduce tax revenue losses to the States, (ATF 2010). These agents are also lessen violent crime, and enforcing the Federal explosives laws and regulations. These agents are working to enforce Federal firearms laws and regulations.All these agents whether local, state or federal work together to protect the United Sates residents from all criminals activities.

Water Conservation Essay Example for Free

Water Conservation EssayHow Important is Water?As we all know, body of body of water is of the essence(p) for mankinds survival. However, people seem to conceptualise that our water supply is endless since there is more water than defeat on this Earth. Water regenerates and is re faild through evaporation, do it seem endlessly re smar shelve. So why worry?Actually, only champion percent of the worlds water has the capability of being use by us. About 97 percent is salty seawater, and two percent is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps. That only leaves one percent of the precious water that is to be used by non only people, but used by animals, plants, and food. Dehydration, which is the wishing of water, departing kill us faster than starvation, which is the wish of food. Since the plants and animals we eat also appear on water, lack of it could cause both dehydration and starvation. Water that looks drinkable stinkpot contain harmful elements, which could cause illness and death if ingested (Kreger, 2004).To further annihilate our water scarce supply, natural disasters, such as floods, earthquakes, and tornadoes, pose a great peril. However, one natural disaster stands above the rest. This natural disaster is called a drouth. drouth, in my opinion, is the worst natural disaster of all. It not only affects us with a dry weather and uncomfortable heat waves, it also affects agriculture, and even drastically change the manner we live about (Kreger, 2004).That is why I, as a concerned Californian and fellow inhabitant of Earth, urge people today to livelihood abreast water to combat the evils of drought. We, as people, must think of not only how this depart affect us. But how it will affect our children- and even grandchildren. I would not like to merely ask people to conserve water I would like to enforce them to do so. Without water preservation, our limited water supply will diminish over time.What is a Drought?Drought, like a destru cting earthquake or flood, is a natural disaster. Drought is an insidious hazard to nature. It results from a lack of precipitation over a languish period of time over an bea. Precipitation is both kind of moisture like rain, snow, and sleet. One can curb how malicious a drought can be by the amount of precipitation, and how long it is (Rupert, 2006).What Are the Causes of Drought?Although the main reason a drought occurs is the lack of precipitation, it is also caused by other factors. High pressure is one of the main contributors of drought. Although a high-pressure system brings clear, cool weather, if the high-pressure system continues for a long period of time, this will eventually lead to a drought (Wikipedia, 2007).Another factor that contributes to the causes of drought is the lack of oceanic standard atmosphere mass. Most dry land is given a nice breeze of water by oceanic winds. However, if these winds be not strong enough to get the evaporated water to the dry lan ds, these lands will lack the moisture they desperately need (Wikipedia, 2007).Deforestation is known to be the destruction of forests and woodlands. It is also one of the causes that lead up to drought. Deforestation increases the risk of drought by taking all of the makewater from flat coat, which they heavily depend on to stay healthy (Collins, 2001).What Are the Effects of a Drought?Most people believe that a drought is not as bad as a hurricane or a tsunami. That is correct. A drought is much more worst than any of t hosepipe A drought not only affects the specific regions ecosystem, it impacts the individuals living in the area of and the people living across the country just the same.Drought explicates a large number of impacts that affects the complaisant, environmental, and economical way we live our lives. Its affects spread far beyond the effects of the drought alone. Water is essential to produce goods and provide indisputable(prenominal) services. Some direct impa cts of drought are reduced crop, rangeland, and forest productivity, reduced water levees, increased fire hazard, increased livestock and wildlife deaths, and damage to wildlife and fish habitat. These impacts produce a domino effect. For example, a reduction in crop productivity usually results in less income for farmers, increased prices for food, unemployment, and migration ( count on Quest, 2004).Farmers are not the only ones who yen from droughts. Businessmen whoprovide goods and services to farmers must deal with reduced business. This later leads to unemployment and loss of money for the government. The recreational and tourism in broadcastries are also affected because tourists do not want to travel to a country that is suffering from a severe water shortage. The shortage of water may lead to the shortage of plastered goods results in the costly importation of necessary goods from outside the affected area (Think Quest, 2004).Environmental losses are caused by damages to plant and animal species. Wildlife habitat, and air and water quality are usually damaged due to a lack of water and an increase in forest and range fires. For example, wildlife habitat may be ruined through the loss of wetlands, lakes, and vegetation. Some species of animals may be wiped out from the area as well (Think Quest, 2004).Another way drought can affect people is socially. When a precious commodity like water is in short supply due to drought, and the lack of water creates a lack of food, people will compete to secure enough water to survive. Faced with the other impacts of drought, more people will flee a drought-stricken area in search of a new home with a better supply of water, enough food, and without the disease and conflict that were present in the order they are divergence (West, 2007).Droughts Three Stages of DangerThere are three different stages of drought in which they are ordered. The first of the stages is meteorologic drought. This is brought when there is lack of precipitation. The second stage is the agricultural drought, which are droughts that may affect crop production and farms. This stage is also brought on by the lack of precipitation. The final stage of drought is the hydrological drought. This drought is the most small because it begins to affect our water reservoirs. The final stage is not only dangerous for the impact on our water reservoirs, but because it may lead so social and economic unrest (Wikipedia, 2007).A meteorological drought is usually known on the degree of dryness and theduration of the dry period. Definitions of meteorological drought are varied since precipitation levels vary from place to place. The definition of a meteorological drought in Brazil is different from a meteorological drought in Los Angeles because it hardly ever rains in Los Angeles. A meteorological drought also depends on the regions climate pattern. Other climatic regimes are characterized by a seasonal rainfall pattern, such as the central United States, northern Australia, and West Africa ( subject area Drought Mitigation Center, 2006).The second stage of drought, agricultural drought, links various characteristics of meteorological drought to agricultural impacts. These impacts include lack of precipitation, and reduced ground water. Plants depend water from specific weather conditions. The water these plants and crops all lack would lead to soil inadequacy. If this occurs, malnutrition, and famine would thrive because crop production would decrease. This not only affects the consumers- us- but it also affects our economy (National Drought Mitigation Center, 2006).If a drought continues long enough, it great power become a hydrological drought. This is caused by the lack of precipitation in water supplies. During a hydrological drought, the scarcity of water may lead to potential feuds over what secondary water is left and restrictions might be put on peoples water usage. It takes longer for lack precipit ation to show up in components stream flow, ground water, and reservoir levels. Changes in land, like deforestation, and construction of dams, change the hydrological characteristics of a river basin (National Drought Mitigation Center, 2006).The debris pipe bowlDuring the 1930s, a series of droughts plagued the Great Plains. However, the dot Bowl was not named after a drought. It was named for what it did. Poor agricultural practices and years of sustained drought caused the Dust Bowl. Plains grasslands had been deeply plowed and planted to wheat. During the years when there was enough rainfall, the land produced bountiful crops. But as the droughts of the early 1930s deepened, the farmers kept plowing and planting and no matter would grow. The ground cover that held the soil in place was gone. The Plains winds whipped acrossthe fields raising billowing clouds of dust to the skies. The skies could darken for days, and even the most well sealed homes could have a thick layer of dust on furniture. In some places the dust would drift like snow, covering farms. With the farmers lands destroyed and homes seized in foreclosure, many farm families were forced to leave (Rutherford, 1998).Dust storms carried millions of gobs of dirt from one location to the next. Those caught in the middle of dust storms were left with either damaged lungs or death due to inhalation of dust in the air they were breathing and polluted water they were drinking. High-speed winds pushed grains of dust into things such as farm equipment, barns, and homes. Cars were damaged beyond repair because of sand and dust choke off up vital parts of the engine. The largest migration of American history was during this period. Over 2.5 million people left the Dust Bowl area headed west for California (Rutherford, 1998).The Dust Bowl not only affect agriculture, it also had an impact on the economy. The economy in the 1930s was only hindered, if not worsened, by the Dust Bowl. Farmers were alread y in deep trouble for overproduction, but the Dust Bowl made it even harder too sell their crops because they were underground. They could not sell their crops, hence, they could not pay their banks to keep their homes or even make profit (Rutherford, 1998).Responding to a Cry for HelpThe Dust Bowl was basically an ultimate example of what could happen to an area when the climate was misunderstood, and distressing farming practices were used. However, people became more aware out of this experience. Many preventative measures were taken to ensure that something of this magnitude would not occur again. These measures have consisted of everything from finding new water sources to taking better care of the soil to controlling the amount of reachsoil blown away by the wind (Thompson, 1998, 297-299).After it was discovered that the certain areas of the Great Plains did not receive as much rain as first thought, the farmers looked somewhere else for a source of water. Irrigation soon be came an important means of providingwater for the crops. The main source of irrigation for the Great Plains is the Ogallala Aquifer. The Ogallala Aquifer had been there all the time, but before the Twentieth Century the farmers lacked the technology to make use of it. Eventually they were able to delve wells deep enough. The first well was dug in 1911, and was less than 50 feet deep. However, the pump was invented which allowed for deeper wells, and greater flows of water. Eventually a form of irrigation called nubble pin tumbler irrigation was developed. The idea was that the water was pumped out of the ground at one point in the middle of the field, and distributed by a sprinkler system that pivoted around the center point (Thompson, 1998, 297-299).Shortly after the Dust Bowl had an impact on the nation as a whole, the government, under President Roosevelt, began to initiate a salutary of measures aimed to cure the damages caused by the Dust Bowl. These programs also became pa rt of his New Deal initiative.One of the most famous projects started as a response to the Dust Bowl was the Tennessee vale Authority, or the TVA. Like the most areas surrounding the Dust Bowl affected areas, the Tennessee Valley was hard hit by the sudden drought. The Tennessee Valley Authority was viewed as an opportunity to take natural resources to promote social and agricultural change. The TVA hired workers to construct multi-purpose dams, improve channels, teach soil conservation, and take on watershed reforestation project. The dams constructed by the TVA provided poor farmers and civilians with cheap electricity, flood control, and improved navigation of channels and rivers (Thompson, 1998, 297-299).The Dust Bowl taught farmers new farming methods and techniques. The 1930s fostered a new era of soil conservation. Perhaps the most valuable lesson learned form the Dust Bowl take care of the land. Droughts and winds still cause many problems, but most are averted and minimize d with proper soil conservation. But one must ask themselves one question, will history repeat itself?Drought TodayLos Angeles is currently in a dilemma. It is experiencing its very own drought. Since July 2006, downtown Los Angeles has received less than four inches of rain. This summer is expected to be hotterthan last summer, which killed about one- blow people last year from intense heat waves. This years drought is the driest in over 130 yeas in bookkeeping, which is worst than the drought that occurred in the seventies (Becerra, 2007).However, we have learned, from the past, absolutely nothing. People who live rattling use even more water than they did before they were told to try not use as much. The subdivision of Water and Power does not enforce its regulations that forbid watering of lawns during the day and no running car- washing hoses. Now, instead of a fine, the DWP send a debaucher a letter asking them politely to consider conserving water in the future. Recently, the mayor has asked us- Angelinians- to conserve water. That should help the problem (Morrison, 2007). That is why it is up to us to free our planet from the depletion of our remaining water sources- not the states.Ways to Conserve WaterThe most important step in water conservation is that people must soak up that they are in a crisis that demands the conservation of water. Without this, people will not have any incentive to conserve water because they would believe that it is trivial to do so.There are many shipway to conserve water today because of our technological advances. Desalination of ocean water is one of the most common ways to conserve water. This method uses machines to purify and filter out any excess of salt and minerals to the point in which it is safe to drink. Like recycled water, this too can e used to feed livestock and used in irrigation techniques. This technique can also be used to produce a common household item- table salt (Wikipedia, 2007).One easy way water is conserved is by harvesting rain. Even though it hardly rains in California, whatever little rain we capture may serve to feed livestock, irrigation, and provide for portable water supplies. Harvesting rainfall also prevents high water bills, and may render the build of reservoirs useless, which take up a lot of land (Wikipedia, 2007).Some methods used to conserve water can sometimes be deemed controversial. Acontroversial way of water conservation is recycling water. Recycling water refers to the process of purifying wastewater from sewage places. Recycled water has many uses, which include the drinking of purified wastewater if it is cracking enough. If it is not used for drinking, then it is used for irrigation, which promotes better plant fertilization, watering lawns, and even filling fountains with it. The recycled water is sometimes dumped into lakes, and ponds to replenish them with their loss water. With the increase in demands for more water, some places use puri fied water to drink and use for their everyday necessities (Wikipedia, 2007).What Should WE Do to Conserve WaterMany people have a common misconception about water conservation. They believe that conserving water will actually COST them money. In reality, conserving water may SAVE them money. People can actually conserve water without actually knowing it. For example, shade trees can store gallons of water, which reduces the amount of water needed to use on them. They also hold water in their roots, which serve to distribute water throughout the lawn. The shade provided by these trees not only protects people from the sun, but the lawn it is on. This reduces the amount of water that is used to water it because the lawn does not get het up(p) hence, there is no need for watering of the lawn (University of Nebraska, 2003).Other ways we can conserve water without going out of our everyday lives is from our homes. By fixing leaking pipes one can save up about twenty gallons of water a day and save one a hassle in water avail bills. Installing low- flow showerheads save up to 500 gallons a month, which is also helped by taking shorter showers. Using a broom instead of a hose to clean ones driveway is another way of conserving water. When watering their lawn, people can avoid doing it when it is hot, like the afternoon, and water them during the morning. Washing a car on top of a lawn is a smart way to wash a car because run-on water is used to water the lawn while washing the car at the same time. During the summer, it can get hot. When filling a pool with water, place a cover over the pool once one is done using it to avoid evaporation of the water in it (University of Nebraska, 2003).As one can tell, water conservation does save more money. The environment is not the only thing that benefits from conserving water, if anything we are the ones who will thrive from it. Benjamin Franklin once said, When the well is dry, we know the worth of water (University of Ne braska, 2003). If we do not start to conserve water know, we will learn to appreciate water- the hard way.ConclusionMany people take abundance of water for granted and only in its absence do we name just how important it is to every living thing on the planet. During a drought, it is very important that everyone does his or her best to conserve water. Of course, it shouldnt take a drought to make people conserve water. Water is such an important resource and water conservation should be practiced every day of our lives. Water conservation consists of eliminating wasteful practices of water use, such as allowing a faucet to drip, toilets to leak, or taking baths instead of showers. Without water conservation, chaos and even war may have a fit from feuds over water use and rights (Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, 2003, 10-11).Work CitedBecerra, Hector. L.A. urges conserving water in dry spell. Los Angeles Times. June 7,2007.Collins, Jocelyn. Deforestation. Enviro Facts. February 1, 2001. June 8, 2007..Developing Principles for an International Water Treaty. Water Politics. 2003. Pages10-11.Drought. Think Quest. September 23, 2004. June 6, 2007..Drought. Wikipedia. June 4, 2007. June 7, 2007..Kreger, Chris. Importance of Water. Exploring the Environment. 2004. June 10, 2007..Make Every Drop Count. University of Nebraska. 2005. June 12, 2007..Morrison, Patt. Drought, the sequel, is here. Los Angeles Times. May 17, 2007.Rutherford, Chad. The Dust Bowl. Lake Hamilton. 2004. June 5, 2007..Rupert, Clarke. What is Drought. State of New Jersey. June 28, 2006. June 11, 2007..Thomson, Stephen. Water Use, Management, and Planning in the United States.Elsevier. 1998. Pages 297-299.Water Conservation. Wikipedia. June 11, 2007. June 12, 2007..What is Drought. National Drought Mitigation Center. 2006. June 10, 2007..West, Larry. What are the Effects of Drought. About, Inc.. 2007. June 42007..

Loss of Top Predators in the Ocean

Loss of Top Predators in the OceanIt is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore the sign of deterioration within the population dynamics of marine apex predators. Sharks, mammals, and large teleost angle amongst others species, do work a critical role in maintaining a stable and equilibrize marine ecosystem by regulating species abundance, diversity, and distribution (Stier et al., 2016). Recently, researchers have shown an interest in the increasing densities of medium size predators known as the mesopredators due to rapid descend in apex predators (Brook et al., 2008). However, these rapid changes argon having a serious adverse effect on the marine community, thereby leading to a cap-down trophic cascade due to the removal of a top predator (Shackell et al., 2010). To be more specific, the loss of top predators affects the aquatic community on a tot up of levels trophic, behavioural, and populations. This essay will provide an overview and highlight the importance of top predators in marine ecosystem as well as change in trophic levels and behavioral patterns that affect the aquatic food web.Apex predators have been victim to human imposed activities such as overexploitation through fishing industries, habitats destruction, introduction of incursive species and change magnitude anthropogenic pollutants creating unfavorable conditions to thrive (Madin et al., 2016). The major impact relating to loss of top predators manifests in the trophic aspect following in a fill correlation between the decline of the predators and preys (Baum and Worm, 2009).Extensive research indicates that the existences of the invasive species has a negative contribution towards the top predators (De Poorter et al., 2010). For example, in 1980s the comb jelly fish (Ctenophora) originally from North America was introduced in the b inadequacy sea, which lead to a dramatic alteration within the food chain, thus releasing toxin causing the finis a total of 14 humpback whales (De Poorter et al., 2010). On the other hand, overfishing across the globe has led to 90% decrease in large shark biomass regionally (Heupel et al., 2014). Due to the decline of larger sharks it has led to the inflexion of a particular ray species which fodder constitute about 70% of scollops thus contributed towards the drop of scallop fishery causing ecological and economic losses in the North Atlantic Ocean (Ferretti et al., 2010) (Grubbs et al., 2013). For instance, a research conducted on the U.S eastern seaboard indicates that a decrease in 11 types of large sharks results in the addition of 12 to 14 small mesoconsumers (Madin et al., 2016). Additionally, a decline in catch rates of 13 large pelagic predators results in an upsurge catch of pelagic stingrays and other small animals (Madin et al., 2016). Furthermore, studies showed that decline in the Canadian cod (Gadus morhua), led to the upsurge in the list of small pelagic and marine invertebrates. As a result, this has l ed to the cascading alterations in the copepod in addition to the phytoplankton communities (Arajo and Bundy, 2012).Studies have also shown that shifts in the diet by destroyer whales, which move along the Aleutian island have resulted from a reduction in the number of sea otters present in the island. In effect, urchins are released from the predations thereby causing the reduction of kelp forest due to their overgrazing (Heithaus et al., 2008). Therefore, it is evident that there is a close connection between the decline of the predators and the prey in the ecosystems. some other aspect that should be closely examined is the behavioral one.The scholars believe that aquatic life uses the behavioral responses to different risk in efforts to avoid encountering predators. For instance, dolphins and other animals forage in productive shallow seagrass during a time when the number of sharks is reduced. However, they move to less industrious but harmless surroundings when the population of sharks in the ecosystem is high (Griffin et al., 2008). Additionally, when top predator disappear the mesoconsumer population increases and may shift their behavior in foraging pattern, which affect the ecosystem. For instance, shark and killer whale help maintain the seal of approval population but due to loss in numbers the fur seals (Arctocephalus forsteri) in New Zealand thrives causing the temperate reef fish (morwong Chelilodactulus nigripes) to reduce foraging effort, leading to reduced grazing on turf algae (Heithaus et al., 2008).The impacts of behavior response to predation risks among the prey may include experiencing energetic cost and the lack of adequate utilization of resources (Langerhans, 2007). As such, their growth and reproductive outputs are limited in the ecosystems by the predation risks (Abdulla, 2004). In other cases, the risks of tiger sharks limit the number of prey and activate trophic cascades. Tiger sharks ultimately decrease browsing on the sea gr asses in risky places but escalating in harmless environments that are portrayed in longitudinal processes of seagrass nutritional components (Griffin et al., 2008).Having examined all the points, that were mentioned in the paragraphs above, one is able to come to the following conclusion top predators are important as they regulate the species abundance, diversity, and distribution that contribute to a healthy marine ecosystem. The significance of the risk personal set up as well as individual predator species depends on the community diversity, habitat heterogeneity, life history features of mesoconsumers and predators. A decrease in the predator diversity in some occasions leads to positive impacts on the mesoconsumers (Baum and Worm, 2009). The relative impacts of specific predator type elimination can decrease per an upsurge in variety, which relies on the pursuing strategies utilized by the alienated slayers in the population. The environmental structures have an influence o n the ecological effects of top predators declines as well as the relative strengths of risk effects. Furthermore, the decreased number of predators results in the increased prey populations and other adverse effects such as shifting coral reefs to algae dominated habitats, a decline of seagrass among others. Resent research states the predators play a major role in carbon cycling within the ocean (Atwood et al., 2015). Therefore, there is the need to protect these predators from future declines through establishing some effectual strategies. The strategies may include decreasing the demand for shark products, reducing the number of top predators reared for commercial fisheries and ensuring improved management.ReferencesAbdulla, A., 2004. Predator-prey interactions in coral reef fish The implications of depredation risk on the behavior and growth of prey (Doctoral dissertation, James Cook University).Atwood, T.B., Connolly, R.M., Ritchie, E.G., Lovelock, C.E., Heithaus, M.R., Hays , G.C., Fourgurean, J.W and Macreadie, P.I., 2015. Predators help protect carbon stocks in blue carbon ecosystem. Nature humour Change, 5(12), pp. 1038-1045.Araujo, J.N. and Bundy, A., 2012. Effects of environmental change, fisheries and trophodynamics on the ecosystem of the western Scotian Shelf, Canada. Marine Ecology supercharge Series, 464, pp.51-67.Baum, J.K. and Worm, B., 2009. Cascading top down effects of changing oceanic predator abundances. Journal of creature Ecology, 78(4), pp.699-714.Bourdaud, P., Gascuel, D., Bentorcha, A. and BrindAmour, A., 2016. New trophic indicators and target values for an ecosystem-based management of fisheries. Ecological Indicators, 61, pp.588-601.De Poorter, M., Darby, C. and MacKay, J., 2010. Marine Menace. Alien invasive species in the marine environment, IUCN.Edwards, H., 2016. When Predators Become Prey The Need For internationalistic Shark Conservation. Ocean and Coastal Law Journal, 12(2), p.5.Ferretti, F., Worm, B., Britten, G.L., Heithaus, M.R. and Lotze, H.K., 2010. Patterns and ecosystem consequences of shark declines in the ocean. Ecology letters, 13(8), pp.1055-1071.Griffin, E., Miller, K., Freitas, B. and Hirshfield, M., 2008. Oceana Predators as Prey Why Healthy Oceans Need Sharks.Grubbs, R.D., Carlson, J.K., Romine, J.G., Curtis, T. and McElroy, D., 2013. Save the bay, eat a ray a purported trophic cascade mediated by declines in large shark populations and the consequences of applying simplistic models to complex ecosystems. Conference abstract. In 141st American Fisheries hostelry meeting. American Fisheries Society, CITY, Maryland. Abstract_Book_ (pp. 9-20).Heithaus, M.R., Frid, A., Wirsing, A.J. and Worm, B., 2008. Predicting ecological consequences of marine top predator declines. Trends in Ecology Evolution, 23(4), pp.202-210Heupel, M.R., Knip, D.M., Simpfendorfer, C.A. and Dulvy, N.K., 2014. Sizing up the ecological role of sharks as predators. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 495, pp.291-298 .Langerhans, B.R., 2007. Evolutionary consequences of predation avoidance, escape, reproduction, and diversification. In Predation in Organisms. Springer Nature, pp. 177-220.Madin, E.M., Dill, L.M., Ridlon, A.D., Heithaus, M.R. and Warner, R.R., 2016. Human activities change marine ecosystems by altering predation risk. Global change biology, 22(1), pp.44-60.Myers, R.A., Baum, J.K., Shepherd, T.D., Powers, S.P. and Peterson, C.H., 2007. Cascading effects of the loss of apex predatory sharks from a coastal ocean. Science, 315(5820), pp.1846-1850.Shackell, N.L., Frank, K.T., Fisher, J.A.D., Petrie, B. and Leggett, W.C. 2010. Decline in top predator body size and changing climate alter trophic structure in an oceanic ecosystem, Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, 277(1686), pp. 1353-1360.Stier, A.C., Samhouri, J.F., Novak, M., Marshall, K.N., Ward, E.J., Holt, R.D. and Levin, P.S. 2016. Ecosystem context and historical contingency in apex predator recoveries, 2(5).T homsen, S.K. and Green, D.J., 2016. Cascading effects of predation risk determine how marine predators become terrestrial prey on an oceanic island. Ecology, 97(12), pp.3530-3537.

Discuss The Strategic Options And Provide Examples Marketing Essay

Discuss The Strategic Options And Provide Examples aliment commercializeing Essayglobalization is the system of interaction among the countries of the world in order to capture the global economy. Globalization refers to the integration of economics and societies every over the world. It involves technological, economic, political, and cultural exchanges made possible largely by advances in communication, transportation and infrastructure. http//hubpages.com/hub/Definition-of-GlobalizationIntegration in globalization is each negative or positive depends breaking down of trade barriers. The removal of barriers can be beneficial for reapings that ar important to the economy growth. An example of merchandise raw materials is real expensive only when the cost result be down if the supply will increase and will bind cheaper to produce the final examination overlaps for export.2STRATEGYStrategy is reflects decisions to offer particular harvestings or services in the particu lar markets. The strategic excerptions for the exploring opportunities in the forward-lookingborn established market and vivacious product atomic number 18 broad(a) chance to character the availability resources. It is a tool in the direction of the firms objective in achieving melodic line success in the long end point. corporate STRATEGYThis is the focus of an organization which products or service markets to compete and area to operate. This is because market definition is the domain of corporate level strategists, the responsibility for diversification, addition of overbold products or services to the living product, also falls within the realm of corporate-level schema.A Strategic Alliance is a race between two or more parties to pursue a set of agreed upon goals or to meet a critical business need while remaining independent organizations.Businesses use strategic alliances toAchieve advantages of scale, scope and speedIncrease market penetrationEnhance competiti veness in domestic and/or global marketsEnhance product developmentDevelop new business opportunities through new products and servicesExpand market developmentIncrease exportsDiversifyCreate new businesses drop costs.3How to enter MarketThe best mode of entry its broad choices are indirect exporting, direct exporting, licencing, joint surmisals and direct investment.A joint venture is an correspondence by two or more parties to variance a single entity to undertake a certain project. Each of the businesses has an equity stake in the singular business and share revenues, expenses and profits.Joint ownership has certain drawbacks. The partners might disagree over investment, marketing, or other policies. One partner might want to reinvest loot for growth, and the other partner might want to take forth these earnings. Furthermore joint ownership can hamper a multinational ships company from carrying out specific manufacturing and marketing policies on a worldwide basis.Licensin g is a simple way for a manufacturer to become involved in International business. The licensor enters an promise with a licensee in the foreign market, offering the right to use a manufacturing process trademarks, intellectual property and trade secrets are licensed to an external firm. Its apply mainly to manufacture and sell a certain product. Its a lower risk way of expanding the reach of product compared to building company manufacturing base and dispersal reach.Coca-cola is an example of an international market by licensing bottlers around the world.Franchising is an excellent way of quickly rolling out a successful concept nationwide. Franchisees pays fixed bung and agree to ongoing payments so the process is financially risk-free for the company. However, downsides do exist, particularly with the loss of control over how franchisees run their franchise. It is thus an important form of vertical market integration. Potentially, the system provides an effective blending of skill centralization and operational decentralization. It permits the franchise to sell products or services under a exceedingly publicized brand name and a well-proven set of procedures it is a carefully developed and controlled marketing schema.Examples of franchisers are hotels brands i.e. Hilton, Holiday in and Coco-cola.Advantages of forming strategic alliancesProvide companies with the opportunity to garner new capacity and expertiseAllow companies to enter connect businesses or new geographic markets or gain new technological fellowshipaccess to greater resources, including specialized staff and technologysharing of risks with a venture partnerDisadvantages of strategic alliancesIt takes time and effort to build the right relationship and partnering with another business can be challenging. Problems are likely to arise ifThere is an imbalance in levels of expertise, investment or assets brought into the venture by the variant partners.Different cultures and management s tyles result in poor integration and co-operation.The partners dont provide enough leadership and support in the early stages.Success in a joint venture depends on thorough research and analysis of the objectives.Examples of strategic alliances companiesSony-Ericsson is a joint venture by the Japanese consumer electronics company Sony Corporation and the Swedish telecommunications company Ericsson to make mobile phones.Virgin Mobile India Limited is a cellular telephone service provider company which is a joint venture between Tata Tele service and Richard Bransons Service Group. http//wiki.answers.com/Q/Examples_of_joint_venturesixzz1KAPliPOBProduct StrategiesIs the central focus of the marketing mix. It is fails to satisfy the needs of the consumers, no amount of promotion, price cutting, or distri notwithstandingion will persuade them to buy. The total product, which is what the customer buys, which also include the package, the brand name, accessories, after gross sales service , the warranty and instructions for use. Thus international product strategies and policies should include the hobby aspects.4Strategies MatrixAnsoff Matrix has quaternary strategies which an organization will be good to process for good foundation of the company future development. Ansoff matrix focused on the firms present and potential products and market, customers by considering ways to grow through active products and new products and in existing market and new markets. It is one of the best tools for the companies to develop market and product expansion.Market Penetration,Product development,Market DevelopmentDiversificationDiagram below indicate the Ansoff Matrix faculty.msb.edu/homak/homahelpsite/webhelp5MARKET PENETRATIONIs a term that indicates how profoundly a product or service has become entrenched with a given consumer market. The degree of penetration is often measured by the amount of sales that are generated within the market itself, increasing sales force, inc rease distribution and promotion of products, more expenditure in marketing and advertising activities will results in increasing sales.Market penetration can be considered in broader terms, and be used as a way of identifying a wider consumer base. Penetration expands the influence of the product to new consumers and thus increases the sales and general proportion of the consumer market that the manufacturer controls. http//www.wisegeek.com/what-is-market-penetration.htmMarket penetration seeks to achieve four main objectivesThe market share of legitimate products should be maintained, this will be achieved by a combination of competitive pricing strategies, advertising, sales promotion and perhapsDominance of growth markets should be securedCompetitors should be driving to restructure a mature market, promotion campaign should be more aggressive for the same pricing strategy should be designed to make difficult to the competitorsImplemented loyalty scheme for the existing custome rs.6Examples of Market PenetrationDellRecognizing the software as a service can be a potent market penetration tool, also assembling a services portfolio that now includes e-mail disaster reco really, spam/virus filtering and archiving via its Message one acquisition. airline businesss Easyjet Airline market was by offering flights for the small distance cities. Southwest Airline same as Easyjet were more profitable on operating small distancesPakistan sound out Oil penetrates in Pakistan market growth from 40% to 65% in the duration of 4 days by developing new retail outlets. elevator car ManufacturingToyota Motor Corporation is the worlds largest automobile manufacturer by sales and production. Toyota and BMW good relationship in marketing in order to retain and have blue profile for their value customers. Toyota Motor Corporation is the largest conglomerates in the world. Toyota has grown to a large multinational corporation from where it started and expanded to unalike worl dwide markets and countries.BankingHSBC Bank customers were very happy on internet banking that they can access their online account 24hrs a day wherever they are in the world.TelecommunicationAirtel promoting its services to penetrate in the Indian market. It is the worlds fastest growing industry, they have jibe of joint ventures with Alcatel in Indian, it is operates in 19 countries across South Asia, Africa and the Channel Islands. Airtel is the fifth largest telecom floozie in the world. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_penetration7Advantage and Disadvantage of Market PenetrationBenefitsOne of the successful penetration is pricing strategy may lead to large sales volumes/market shares and whence lower costs per unit. Penetration strategies are often used by businesses that need to use up spare resources. A penetration pricing strategy may also promote complimentary and captive products. The main product may be priced with a low mark-up to attract sales.RiskThe most trans lucent potential disadvantage of market penetration is the likelihood of competing suppliers following suit by reducing their prices, May lead to a price war with a competitor with the same strategyThe effects of economies of both scale and experience lead to lower production costs, which justify the use of penetration pricing strategies to gain market share Low pricing could be detrimental to the perceive brand value and to the company reputation.Another potential disadvantage is the impact of the bring down price on the image of the offering, particularly where buyers associate price with quality.http//tutor2u.net/business/marketing/pricing_strategy_penetration.asp8MARKET DEVELOPMENTMarket development is a marketing technique aimed at increasing a companys market in order to widen the customer base for the purpose of selling more products.This is an important aspect of helping a company grow. Small companies with limited marketing experience may turn to consultants for this, whi le experienced large companies have internal marketing departments that may be responsible for market development. It is an ongoing part of doing business for successful companies. Also will help to grow your market by understanding how your product is perceived in the marketplace and what areas of alterment are there.Using the Starbucks exampleThis oversteps when the market analyzing makes some sort of change, market development has occurred over the past couple of years as consumers are becoming more health conscience. Preferences are moving toward different types of teas/drinks and consumers are demanding more healthy alternatives. These factors have aided to market development, with different franchises popping up, such as Argo tea, which become direct competitors to StarbucksBenefitsAnother way would be to focus on the technology base used to supply existing products and to identify other products needs, which customers might need to be produced using current facilities and k now how.Here the organization tries to develop new products or services and thereby makes similar existing products obsolete unlike product development strategy which extends an existing products life cycle. There could be radical innovations where the company tries to step in existing products or technologies in an industry. In the case of incremental innovations, the firm tries to put focus on new products or services that modify the existingones.aside from such radical innovations firms, also carry out incremental innovations to differentiate their products. One example, is Toyotas multi-utility fomite Qualis. Although other Indian companies had similar products, Toyota, more effectively feature the styling an engineering that resulted in increased demand for its product (a great hit compared) to Sumo,Disadvantages/RisksAs per Ansoff framework of a Market Development strategyNew Markets may be different then expected ( especially in new geographic market with cultural differenc esCostly modifications may be requiredExamples of Market DevelopmentCompact disc technology has virtually replaced long playing vinyl records in the recording industry, and high definition television is likely to replace regular television technology.McDonalds has couple of new markets in the wake of globalization with its existing products. This is because of the nature of the business and products, McDonald implemented its burgers which helps the growth of the market.Nestle expanded the market for its product Milkmaid by advertising the new uses of the product aggressively in India.Chinese products developed new market for their product worldwideToyotas multi-utility vehicle Qualis although there are same product in India,Toyota, more effectively combined the styling an engineering that resultedin increased demand for its product than Indian.Close Up toothpaste was foremost gel toothpaste which was transparent with a red distinctive colour, all others pastes were white. The marke t was dominated by Colgate which promised that itwould fight tooth decay and bad breath. Close up promised the dual benefit of being a toothpaste and mouthwash in one and thus delivered fresh breath and white teeth.9PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTThis is a new product to be marketed to our existing customers. Here we develop and innovate new product offerings to replace existing ones. Such products are then marketed to our existing customers. This often happens with the auto markets where existing models are updated or replaced and then marketed to existing customers.http//www.marketingteacher.com/lesson-store/lesson-ansoff.htmlDeveloping of new products and offering to the existing market is product development strategy which need gravid and time to implement. The company has to do a market survey in detailed if it is feasible to introduce new product in the current market.Challengesseveral(prenominal) things need to be checked in developing new products in the company this is including,Techn ology and Cost, by using latest technology the product instruction execution or the quality of products will be on highest level of functionality although Cost will be challenge to the company in either buying the new equipments or conducting trainings.BenefitsCompany products will be extended by producing different variants, packaging in new ways.Service industries shorten time to market and improve customer service and quality.RisksCustomers might be confused among the existed and developed products, if the analysis will not performed carefully, example is the new snow, Customers liked the taste of the new Coke in the taste tests conducted by Coca Cola, customers of the brand favoured classic Coke over the new product.Another Examples of Market DevelopmentGoogle developed a new browser chrome for the existing internet userMcDonalds is always within the fast food industry, but frequently markets new burgers10DIVERSIFICATION STRATEGYDiversification is a form of corporate strategy for a company. It seeks to increase profitability through greater sales volume obtained from new products and new markets. Diversification can occur either at the business unit level or at the corporate level. Diversification is very important into related and unrelated areas.http//www.coursework4you.co.uk/essays-and-dissertations/ansoff-analysis.phpDiversification related in the form of backward, forward, and horizontal integration.Concentric diversificationThis means that there is a technological similarity between the industries, which means that the firm is able to leverage its technical know-how to gain some advantage. For example, a company that manufactures industrial adhesives might decide to diversify into adhesives to be sold via retailers. The technology would be the same but the marketing effort would need to change.The company will focus to add more market share to launch a new product that helps the company earn more profit. An example technological related in concentr ic diversification is Tomato ketchup and sauce to the existing brand processed items of food specialties.Vertical diversificationThis is when the company is closer to the raw materials sources in production, in another words is backward vertical integration strategy. An example of Avons line on cosmetics business. Avon pursued a backward form of vertical integration by entering the production of cosmetics. Forward diversification occurs when Avon move closer to the consumer in term of production stages.Horizontal diversification, occurs when a company develops interests complementary to its current activities. For a company may integrate its activities to include all aspect of the value mountain range design, manufacture, market and distribute. The company adds new products or services that are often technologically or commercially unrelated to current products but that may attract to current customers. In a competitive environment, this form of diversification is desirable if th e present customers are loyal to the current products and if the new products have a good quality and are well promoted and priced. For example, Avons move to market jewelry through its regular sales force involved marketing new products through existing channels of distribution.Conglomerate diversification (or lateral diversification)The company markets new products or services that have no technological or commercial synergies with current products but that may appeal to new groups of customers. The conglomerate diversification has very little relationship with the firms current business. Therefore, the main reasons of adopting such a strategy are first to improve the profitability and the flexibility of the company, and second to get a ameliorate reception in capital markets as the company gets bigger. Even if this strategy is very risky, it could also, if successful, provide increased growth and profitability.For example a company whose core business is media services may diver sify into provision of financial services.Advantages of diversification strategyControl markets by guaranteeing sales and distribution. This can arise through a combination of linkages in the value chain. For example where production and distribution channels are combined, or where a company uses its well-established brand names or corporate identity to gain benefits in new marketsTake advantage of existing expertise, friendship and resources in the company when expanding into new activities. This may result in transfer of skills, such as research and development knowledge and sharing of resources.Provide better risk control through no longer being reliant on a single marketSpread risk by avoiding having all eggs in one basketDisadvantages of diversification strategyAdding bureaucratic complexity. In addition to direct financial costs, there may additional bureaucratic complexities necessitated by the need to coordinate and control core activities with additional activities.Diversi fication through acquisition across national boundaries may result in the government having to deal with varying intricacies of the political and legal requirements of the different countries in which the organisation has controlling interests.Diversification also acquisition May result in ill fortune where there is a mismatch between core competencies Adding management costs.Adding bureaucratic complexity. In addition to direct financial costs, there may additional bureaucratic complexities necessitated by the need to coordinate and control core activities with additional activities.ExamplesVirgin Media moved from music producing to travels and mobile phonesWalt Disney moved from producing animated movies to theme park and spend propertiesCanon diversified from a camera making company into producing whole new range of office equipmentCONCLUSIONIt is true for the world investment and business to move from national and domestic markets to a worldwide environment. Globalisation eli minates all boundaries, causing firms to engage in business worldwide. Consequently firms have to deal with couple of challenges if the management strategies will not help them to make the correct choices and decisions. Strategic options related to products and services which a firm may offer in which markets are critical to the success of companies. The differences in strategic choices of the firm can often be attributed to the type of market in which the company operates. Changes in business environment play a crucial role in the strategic options that an organisation may pursue over its future development. There are risks associated with all of the four strategic options entailed in the Ansoff matrix. Market penetration is generally considered as a low risk strategy while diversification, on the other hand, is deemed as a high risk growth strategy as it involves moving simultaneously into new products and new markets. Diversification remains a popular strategic option for firms i n todays competitive business arena, and if the diversification strategy is consistent and well throughout, like the case of IBM, significant improvements in profitability can be experienced.

Looking At The Storys Behind Indian Art Cultural Studies Essay

Looking At The Storys Behind Indian subterfuge Cultural Studies EssayI intend to do query on the Indian folk artistic production forms, their styles, contrastive symbols and forms as well as the context and pagan backgrounds. I will focus on MDAHUBANI PAINTINGS, a folk art originated from North India. This research will help me understand the characteristics of these art forms, which will inspire my animation story and visual style.The story of Indian art is besides the story of genius of the oldest and near resilient cultures on earth. Throughout its history, Indian art has combined topical anesthetic tradition with outside influences, and has evolved along with a civilization, which has been remarkably innovative in all beas. As in every culture, art has been a mirror of Indias fascinating history from the beginning, reflecting unearthly beliefs, political even upts, and affectionate customs. Especially in folk arts we find a compelling and beautiful record of centurie s of Indian culture.Introduction to Indian ethnic music artsThe somewhat lesser-known traditions of Indian painting atomic number 18 the so-called folk paintings dating back to a period that may be refer rose-cheeked to as timeless. These atomic number 18 lifespan traditions, intrinsically linked with the regional historic-cultural settings from which they arise. It has an age-old heritage that can be traced back to the beginning of civilization on this subcontinent 1. It began with cave paintings, with the natural dyes so industrial-strength that they can still be seen today on the walls of the caves after centuries. The folk and tribal painting come from the remote rural and tribal regions. Sometimes the artists of these hoidenish works are non even educated. They lack the basic means to attend schools, and as they are opened with such beautiful mean of port by nature. The varied painting forms coming from these regions began not just as a painting but also as a relig ious and social ritual performed daily. It began with painting the walls and floor of mud houses. They hide the belief that this purified the ambience and pleased the deities. Various religious and symbols were t herefore seen within the painting.The term folk paintings here encompasses pictures make in Indian villages by both hands and women, for ornamentation of their abodes, portrayals of their gods and for their various rituals and, by local professional painters or artisans for use of the local people. wholly these paintings were erectd in a variety of styles and themes. History, sociology and geography infused the painting of each region with local flavor. Their style and quality depended on the materials available in the place in which they were executed, these very factors that helps to identify the region.Folk art may be defined as the art created among groups that exist within the framework of existing society, but, for geographical and cultural reasons, are largely sep arated from the sophisticated and cultural reasons, and the developments of their time. As a result, they adduce distinctive styles and objects for local needs and tastes.In folk tradition, art is comestible to the daily life of the people. Whether he is a TAMILNADU (an Indian carry) 2 potter who creates a mussive terracotta AIYANAR (example in addition. Pic.1) or a MADHYA PRADESH (an Indian disk operating system) 2 tribal who creates PITHORA painting (example in auxiliary. Pic.2), at the moment of creation, the poverty-stricken, illiterate folk, becomes a master-crafts-man who can create marvelous plastic and visual forms with a creative genius handed over to him by generations. Topography and geography too consecrate control over the medium of art. In the case of UTTAR PRADESH (an Indian state) 2, we can find folk paintings on the walls of the houses. Whereas in ASSAM (an Indian state) 2, one cannot find wall paintings because most of the walls of the house are built with cane or bamboo. The folk and tribal traditions, consider all materials available in day-to-day life are worthy of serving as a medium of expression. In this regard, artist-writer, HAKU SHAH writes, When a tribal touches a blade of grass, gourd or bead, fiber, twig, grain, pin, plastic button, conch shell, feather, leaf of flower, he sees through it, smells it, hears it, and therein starts the ritual of being with it 3. Each place of the coun crusade with its own trees and plants, shits and animals, hills and dales has inspi bolshy Indian folk artists to hit multiple metaphors, series of symbols and innumerable images to build a rich treasure-house of art.The following are the common stylistic characters in folk-art Preference for simple outline and alternative of typically foundational lines A simplification of tinges and volumes so that shading is eliminated Stylization of motifs to create decorative elements and Repetition of lines, of entire figures, of dots for intensive or danceable purposes.Following is the list of some of the main folk arts from different parts of IndiaMadhubani filmFolk art of Madhubani from the Mithila region 2 of north India. There are different styles developed by different castes of the region. (Examples in Appendix Pic.16a 16h)Thanka PaintingCombining the magnificent beauty with spiritual vision, Tankha is painting solely dedicated to Buddha and his teachings. These represent how the Buddhists see the universe. It is generally in eight layers with the upper most layers or part depicting a deity. The rest seven are the various elements of the universe like, fire, earth, space, water and air. Colorful and geometrical, these are many a time seen as the basis of temple architecture. These paintings are done with dedication, concentration, and passion and also with the deep religious feeling of doing something directly related with the supreme power. (Example in Appendix Pic.3a, 3b)Patachitra PaintingIndian art Patachitra is a pre-Islamic form of religious art. It comes from the eastern Indian state Orissa 2. Hindoo gods and goddesses and other mythological scenes are painted on a leather-like surface made of several layers of old cotton glued together. (Example in Appendix Pic.4a, 4b)Kalamkari PaintingKalamkari Literally mean pen-work, it is the religious painting on cloth with blocks and wax resist, from the temple town of KALAHASTHI in southeast ANDHRA PRADESH 2. (Example in Appendix Pic.5a, 5b)Warli PaintingWarli is a tribal community from MAHARASHTRA, India 2. They have made a significant contribution to the heritage of Indian tribal art. Done by both men and women, these art works show their dedication to the nature and the superpower. (Example in Appendix Pic.6a, 6b)Gond PaintingTribal painting, Gond is a freehand expression of the Gond tribes of MADHYA PRADESH, India 2. Painted freehand, these two dimensional paintings reflect their perception of life. The third dimension, the depth is always lacking in these paintings reflecting the simplicity of the artist. Sometimes these paintings also tell how colorful their imagination can be. They honk colors to the blandest creations of the nature at times. (Example in Appendix Pic.7a, 7b)Batik PaintingBatik, wax resist painting from WEST BENGAL, India 2. Meaning wax-painting in Javanese, it originated in Indonesia and ulterior revived in WEST BENGAL, India. The creativity of the talented dyers has given it a fresh new definition. The principle of batik is a simple one, wax or a similarly resistant substance such as rice paste is used to create patterns or motifs on cloth before it is discolor or colored in some way. When the wax is finally ready to be removed, the untouched cloth beneath it stands out as the original color of the cloth. (Example in Appendix Pic.8a, 8b)Miniature PaintingFolk art miniature paintings inspired by the graceful romantic life style of the Mughals 4. These paintings show one moment at a time and in minute details. The love scenes, the court scenes, various solitary women, animals, flowers all were closely observed and reproduced simultaneously. (Example in Appendix Pic.9a, 9b)Santhal ArtThe Santhal tribe, one of the famous tribes belonging to the Bihar state of India 2, has a typical style of painting, known as Santhal paintings. The bodies of the various forms that they paint are seldom or perhaps never in one shade, they are always striped, dotted or filled with any other geometrical pattern. They are done on a handmade paper with poster colors. The topics are selected from the natural surroundings or just from the happenings of their day-to-day lives. (Example in Appendix Pic.10a, 10b)Phad ArtRAJASHTAN, an Indian state 2, the land of colors is known for Phad painting, which is done on cloth. This type of painting is mainly found in the BHILWARA district. The main theme of these paintings is the depiction of local deities and their stories, and legends of erstwhile(prenomi nal) local rulers. Phad is a type of scroll painting. These paintings are created while using bright and subtle colors. (Example in Appendix Pic.11a, 11b)YantraTantra art or yantra is used as an instrument or medium of focus on a deity while meditating. It is used while performing religious ceremonies. It is a graphical government agency of geometrical or abstract images such as triangles, squares, pentagons, hexagons or circles. (Example in Appendix Pic.12a, 12b)ChittaraChittara, meaning picture is an expression of the village artists of KARNATAKA India 2. Chittara is done on handmade paper. This paper is coated with mud first and then the desired color of the background is given to it by various colors extracted from the natural objects. The color red is procured by grinding a special red stone, the color black is procured by grinding burnt rice and soaking it in water for a couple of(prenominal) days, mud and rice paste gives white. (Example in Appendix Pic.13a, 13b)Introductio n to MADHUBANI PaintingsPainting is generally done by folk artists or classical artists in ternion ways wall-painting (BHITTI-CITRA), canvas-painting (PATA-CHITRA) and floor-painting (ARIPANA). Of these the wall-painting and the floor-painting are very popular in MITHILA region 2. The Wall-painting or mural paintings, popularly known as MITHILA painting or MADHUBANI painting.MADHUBANI, literally meaning from the forest of honey is the name of the village from where comes the MADHUBANI paintings. Situated in the interior of northern India, this art is the expression of creativity in the day-to-day life of the local people. Done mainly by the womanishs of the family, this art is regarded as a part of daily ritual. Initially all vegetable dyes were used for the paintings but today they have access to the variety of poster colors to cater to their needs and to enable them for more experiments with colors. The estimated date cant be traced back to the actual era that brought MADHUBANI art in to existence. It is however centuries old art that is associated with the normal lives of the villagers. In that region it is believed that every morning the worshipped deity comes invisibly to the household to bless the members of the family and also to bring more prosperity. So this art started as a welcome painting for deities. It started from the entrance floor and the exterior of the house. Passed from mothers to their daughters, the art of MADHUBANI has invariably been improving in its quality. As this tradition was initialized with a purpose of decorating the exterior of the house, the walls and the floor always served as the canvas.Floor-painting (ARIPANA)The art of ARIPANA or floor-painting has been handed belt down from generation to generation. There is not a single house in MITHILA in which ceremonies are held without ARIPANA. The women of MITHILA specialize in drawing circular patterns of designs with a white liquid paste made of ground rice mixed with water. S ometimes vermilion is also applied, besides white, red, green, yellow and black colors. In various ARIPANA designs, they have the images of gods and goddess painted on different shapes and forms with multiple colors, reflecting the artists originality and imagination. ARIPANA is an indigenous word, which means the art of drawing embankment or wall. The word is derived from ALIMPANA or ALEPANA (of Sanskrit origin) and though grammatically correct, it falsifies the real origin of the word 5.(Example of ARIPANA art in Appendix. Pic.14a, 14b)The land and peopleNorth of the river Ganges, in the state of BIHAR 2 lies a land called MITHILA, shaded by old mango groves and watered by melt water rivers of NEPAL 2 (Indian live country) and the Himalayas. MITHILA has played a noteworthy part in the political and cultural life of ancient India. It is a land full of the beauty of landscape in sharp contrast to the ugliness of poverty in which its people, most of whom are talented painters, live, who accept their fate, good or bad, and paint for painting sake.It is said that solely MITHILA was the home where the enlightened and the learned might always find a generous patron, peace and safety, where courts were devoted to learning and culture and where poets and philosophers lived in honor and affluence. however though women in the villages around MADHUBANI have been practicing their folk art for centuries, the world at large has come to know about these women and to consider them to be artists provided in the last forty years. until now now, most of their work remains anonymous. The women, most of them illiterate, are reluctant to consider themselves individual producers of works of art and entirely a few of them mark the paintings with their own name.Among the first modern outsiders to document the tradition of MADHUBANI painting were William and Mildred Archer. Mr. Archer was a British civil servant appoint to the district during the colonial era (till 1947). The A rchers obtained some drawings on paper that the women painters were using as aids to memory. Works that the Archers collected went to the India Records Office in London (now part of the British Library) where a small number of specialists could study them as creative instances of Indias folk art 6.The women painters in MADHUBANI lived in a closed society and were loath to paint openly. Eventually due to a drought (1966-68) in the surrounding areas of MITHILA that resulted in severe economic crisis women began to commercialize their art. The All India Handicrafts Board 7 encouraged the women artists to produce their paintings on handmade paper for commercial sale. The government of India, the state government of Bihar and the regional craft guilds has all come in together to initiate the productions and marketing for these women painters. This sudden change in the form of art and its presentation has enabled the world to discover a new form of art with an enviable linkage to the li ves of women 8.The carriage of paintingThis style of painting belongs to North Bihar. In keeping with the tradition under which it began, the style is replete with symbols of magnificence like the lotus plant, the bamboo grove, birds, fish, etc. in union. The art shifted to drawing paper in the 1960s, and this brought with it a new freedom and creativity. Paper is movable and economically feasible too. Figures from nature mythology are adapted to type this style. The themes designs widely painted are the worship of Hindu deities such as KRISHNA, RAMA, SIVA, DURGA, LAKSHMI, SARASWATI, Sun and Moon, TULSI (basil) plant, court scenes, wedding scenes, social happenings around them, etc. Floral, animal and bird motifs, geometrical designs are used to fill up all the gaps. There is just any empty space in this style. The skill is handed down the generations, and hence the tralatitious designs and patterns are widely maintained. One of the main features of MITHILA paintings is simpli city. All that is required for the artist is a suitable surface, ordinary paints, and local brushes. Preliminary sketching is hardly required in MITHILA paintings because the outlines are developed in a single sweep of the brush.Tools UsedNo sophisticated tools are needed in MADHUBANI paintings. Artists are still unacquainted with the modern brush. The traditional brush is made from a bamboo-twig by wrapping the twig up with a piece of cloth or by having its end frayed in such a way that the fiber looks like a bundle of hair.Color SchemeThe artists prepare the colors. downhearted is obtained by mixing soot with cow dung yellow from turmeric or pollen or lime and the draw of banyan leaves blue from indigo red from the KUSUM flower juice or red sandalwood green from the leaves of the wood apple tree white from rice powder orange from PALASHA flowers. The raw materials were mixed with goats milk and juice from bean plants. Today green, blue, red and orange have been added to these co lors. The colors are applied flat with no shading. There is normally a parlay line drawn for the outlines, with the gap between the lines filled by cross or straight tiny lines. In the linear painting, no colors are applied. Only the outlines are drawn. Some villages only produce black ink drawings. Other villages use pink, yellow, blue, red and parrot green, each paint mixed with the traditional goats milk.Impact of Hindu religion and mythology in Indian folk artsHinduism Religion has been a definitive influence on Indian Art. Hindu Paintings featuring Hindu gods, Hindu goddesses, and the various Hindu pantheons are one of the most prominent symbols of Indian and Hindu Art.Hindu god/goddess in brandingIn India, manufacturers try to affect the psyche of consumer, by branding an occurrence with the names and images of Hindu deities. They bring the premium image of a graven image and His virtues and associate them to their product, thus exploiting the mass recognition of well-estab lished imagery of the God to boost product branding. The beauty of this strategy lies in the fact that the companies using Gods images do not have to be bear on about any kind of intellectual property issues like copyright, thus enjoying an immense credibility just by virtue of having connected their name to a venerated name. This kind of branding shows the popularity of god/goddess images in India and the corporate/legal freedom of their use. Manufacturers use images and names of Hindu Gods on product labels and promotion materials to attract buyers attention. Even in America some of the phone card companies like MCI, which target Indian consumers, print Gods images on its international phone cards and sometimes even the phone card itself is named after a God. In India the largest group of advertisers are the food marketers, followed by marketers of drugs and cosmetics, soaps, automobiles, tobacco, appliances, and oil products. All of these companies somehow associate their produc ts virtues with the virtues of a God and try to sell it to the consumer, who can very well relate to the image presented. For instance, Indian jewelers use image and name of Goddess LAXMI, who is considered the ruler of all material riches extensively. One of the most famous names among jewelry shops in India is Maha Laxmi Jewelers. (Examples of some Ads and products in Appendix. Pic.17a 17j)Forms and symbols in MADHUBANI PaintingsThe motifs of the designs include conventionalized flora and fauna, circles in series, spiral or curvilinear devices, series of short lines, foot-points of fragmentary (imaginative) pictures illustrating legends and stories, giving glimpses of environmental and natural life. While the religious paintings include various gods and goddess, the secular and decorative paintings contain various symbols of prosperity and fertility such as elephant, horse, fish, lion, parrot, turtle, bamboo, lotus, flower, PURAINA leaves, PANA, creepers, SWASTIKA etc. Besides, we also come across in these paintings aspects of agricultural animal life, which plays an important role in the rural economy of MITHILA. The animal, in fact, is a duplicate representation of energy and character of God. Thus, the subject matter generally falls into two groups(1) A series of heavenly forms.(2) A series of strictly selected vegetables and animal forms.For different occasions, they have different forms and symbols attached to these paintings.Wedding PaintingsAt weddings, the following objects the sun and moon, a bamboo-tree, a circle of lotuses, parrots, turtle and fish come into prominence. These paintings draw their themes mostly from the PURANAS and epics. The most prominent image looming largest on the walls are the bamboo-tree and the ring of lotus, the KAMALAVANA or PURAINA. The focus is on fertility, and the marvelously intricate diagrams of the KAMALAVANA, the PURAINA and the forest of bamboos are, as pointed out by Archer, MANDALAS and diagrams of the gener ative organs. The lotus circle is not only a lotus but also the symbol of the brides sex, while the bamboo-tree is a bamboo, it also represents the phallus. (Although sometimes it is said that the women artists iconize the husbands patrilineage as a stand of bamboo.) In other words, lotus is a female and bamboo is a male. According to Archer, the latent symbolism reaches its height in the many paintings in which the bamboo-tree is depicted not as aloof and apart but as driven through the center of a clinging circle 9.There are also minor symbols of parrots, turtles, fish, sun and the moon. In Indian context, the parrots symbolize the lovebirds and they feature constantly as images of the bride and bridegroom in folk songs and poetry. Turtles also have a significant place because they associate water with all its beneficent power with marriage, their eery shape being diagrammatic of the lovers union and their head and tail emerging from the shell looks like the exact counterparts of the bamboo plunging in the lotus. Then, there are fishes which are emblems of fertility and, finally we have sun and moon who are inserted because of their life-giving qualities.(Example of marriage art known as KOHBAR in Appendix. Pic.16a 16h)About the MADHUBANI painting Artists Baua DeviBaua Devi is one of the most respected artists in the MITHILA community, and certainly the most successful. She lives in JITWARPUR, the village where she was born. Her work has been exhibited widely throughout India as well as the Center Georges Pompidou in genus Paris and at the MITHILA Museum in Tokamachi, Japan 10. Also, at the MATRIX show at UC Berkeley Art Museum, 1997 11 included two mural-scale paintings by Baua Devi, one depicting the life of KRISHNA, the other, a festival around a pond in a Mithila village.The scope of MADHUBANI paintings, its popularity in India and in other parts of the worldMADHUBANI Painting has lately trustworthy much attention and popularity. There are quite a few websites devoted to MADHUBANI painting. I simply would like to add that the credit for bringing recent and massive popularity to this art form goes, in large measure, to the Lalit Narayan Mishra. In his capacity as the Minister for Railways in Mrs. Indira Gandhis cabinet, reproductions of these paintings adorned the coaches of many fast and super-fast trains. 12 Copies of the paintings became a hot-selling item for both native and foreign travelers. The reproductions could be found in plenty, for instance, among the hawkers in the bustling street side market along the JANPATH in New Delhi, India a must for the foreign tourist Credit is due also to Mr. Bhaskar Kulkarni, erstwhile member of the Indian Handicrafts Federation. He was the first to organize an battle array of this school of paintings at New Delhi in 1967 13. This brought instant international recognition. Folk art is having a treasure house of symbolic language to contribute as a gift to Modern art. Folk in a sense ca rries the connotation of anonymity, collective wisdom, spontaneity and simplicity. With the development of Anthropology a new awareness has come into understanding the uninstructed and folk traditions. Anthropology has proved that regionalism in art is not against internationalism. 14ConclusionMADHUBANI paintings are popular because of their tribal motifs and use of bright earthy colors. I would like to search how these unique features of folk art could be successfully translated into the form of Animation.Based on my research I have these findings about MADHUBANI PAINTINGS characteristics-The figures are recognizable by a face in profile while the rest of the body faces the front.-The face has one very large eye and a bumpy flesh of nose coming out of the forehead.-The figure outlines are drawn as a double line with diagonal hatching between them.-The borders are exceedingly decorated either geometrically or with ornate floral patterns.-Clothing also is highly decorated with g eometrical, floral or even animal patterns.-The drawings of animals are comfortably recognized for what they are, but again tend to be very stylized.-The forms and symbols in these paintings have their own significance and different forms and symbols are used on different occasions.-There could be different interpretations of symbols and its uses.-These paintings have a limited number of colors and each color has its own meaning. Artists prepare the colors applied.-The artist uses traditional brushes (made from a bamboo-twig) for drawing.With time medium has changed. Originally these paintings were done on walls in villages. Later, the artists successfully transferred their techniques of wall painting to the medium of paper. Now most of the artists use watercolors and handmade papers. At the same time they maintain the characteristics and style of paintings although the medium has changed. In order to create a new source of non-agricultural income, different organizations encourage s the artists to produce their traditional paintings on handmade paper for commercial sale. This way now it also widely spread. Even in the more recent work on paper, the themes are normally the Hindu Gods and Goddesses and stories from Hindu mythology. They exhibit their paintings throughout India as well as different parts of the world. Now with the advent of digital tools like Macromedia Flash, which can produce the similar kind of drawings using different combinations of pencil and brush strokes. Use of digital tools also makes these drawings faster and more effectively as these paintings has lots of continual patterns.So we can say, transferring the techniques of wall painting to the medium of paper gained these paintings more popularity and recognition. Same way I strongly feel that when these styles and characteristics of MADHUBANI paintings will be transform into digital medium, such as animation, it will take the paintings to the next level, where these folk art styles wil l be used by more and more digital artists from India and all over the world.End Notes1 Based on the art history timeline the art produced on the Indian subcontinent from about the 3rd millennium BC . so far based on the recent findings, An archaeological site off Indias western coast may be up to 9,000 years old. The revelation comes about 18 months after acoustic images from the sea-bed suggested the presence of built-up structures resembling the ancient Harappan civilization, which dates back around 4,000 years. .2 States from India. Map of India Appendix Pic.153 Thakur, Upendra, MADHUBANI Painting. New Delhi Abhinav Publications, 1982.4 Roy, The Bratas of Bengal, The RANGOLI or ARIPANA, KOLAM or MURGGY, as it is known in Bombay (now Mumbai), TAMILNADU and ANDHRA, is a pleasing decoration of the ground.5 The Mughals ruled in India from 1526 to 1857. The Mughal period can be called a classical age in northern India. In this cultural development, the Indian traditions were amalg amated with the Turko-Iranian culture, brought to the country by the Mughals.6 Gene R. Thursby, University of Florida .7 Ministry of Textiles (Govt of India) 8 Madhubani Painting Workshop Brochure. .9 Archer, W.G., MADHUBANI Paintings. Mumbai, 1998.10 The Mithila Museum in Tokamachi, Japan. .The Mithila Museum is housed in a converted schoolhouse in Tokamachi, Niigata Prefecture, situated in Japans black eye country. Here approximately 850 Mithila paintings, more than 300 paintings that the Mithila artists created in Japan, Warli paintings by an aboriginal group in India, and Indian teracotta statues and figurines, are exhibited on a permanent basis.11 Baua Devi and the Art of Mithila. .MATRIX August 15 through October 26, 1997 at the UC Berkeley Art Museum.This is the first United States exhibition of paintings on paper by the Indian artist Baua Devi. The exhibition also includes a selection of works by other artists from the Mithila region of northeastern India. Baua Devis painti ngs explore an array of personal and mythological themes. An image, which she has come to adopt as her own is the ballyhoo kanya, or snake maiden, a creature with the torso and head of a beautiful woman and the lower body of a snake. The nag kanya resembles the snake goddess Manasa, whose attributes echo those of the key Hindu god Shiva. The nag kanya also derives from the real snakes that occupy the watery region where Baua Devi lives.12 Railways in North Bihar. .13 Mr. Bhaskar Kulkarni. .14 The Art of Folk Tradition. .ReferencesThakur, Upendra, MADHUBANI Painting. New Delhi Abhinav Publications, n.d.Thakur, Upendra, History of MITHILA. New Delhi Abhinav Publications, n.d.Jain, Jyotindra, Ganga Devi Tradition and Expression in Mithila Painting. Ahmedabad, India Mapin Publishing Pvt Ltd., 1997.A fine book on a leading artist who practiced what is sometimes called the Kayastha style of MADHUBANI painting.Vequaud, Yves, The Women Painters of Mithila. London Thames and Hudson, 1977.A book that contributed to and then reflected the worldwide popularity of MADHUBANI painting.Osaki, Norio, MADHUBANI Paintings. Kyoto Shoin, 1998.Shearer, Alistair. The Hindu Vision Forms of the Formless. Thames Hudson, 1993.Aldred, Gavin. Indian Firework Art. Trafalgar Square, 2000Prakash, K. Authentic Folk Designs from India. New Delhi Dover Pubns, 1995.Dawson, Barry. lane Graphics India. Thames Hudson, 2001.Archer, W.G., MADHUBANI Paintings. Mumbai, 1998.Anand, Mulk Raj, MADHUBANI Painting. New Delhi Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, 1984.Online exhibit of MADHUBANI Paintings. .About an Artist..The MAITHILI BRAHMANS An Online Ethnography..Marketing God About religious content on Indian television.

The Revolutionary War :: essays research papers

The Revolutionary War was an enormous part of Americanhistory. The revolution in Russia, that sparked theoverthrow of communism, was a huge part of Russianhistory. The revolution of Christianity from the concepts of Grecian gods was also a large part of religious history.Christianity and Greek gods have many an(prenominal) comparisons,contrasts, and these contrasts resulted in Christianity beingrevolutionary. The concepts of Christianity and the religiousconcepts of the Greek gods be comparatively alike. Tobegin, in both religions, humans believe that there arspeakers for their God/gods. Gods do not speak to meremortals. These people ar the priests who teach of thegods ways and wants. somewhat are fortune tellers orprophets, as they were called in Greek times, that annunciatethe future. For example, Tiriesias, in the plays Oedipus theKing and Antigone, was a blind prophet who could see thefuture and foretell it to people. In Greek times the prophetswere of high social status. Also, the people believe thattheir God or gods are above all human ranks. They believea god is above all and listens to people when they needhelp. This is why humans pray to the God/gods forforgiveness. The two religious views also believe that theGod/gods are watching over their followers. The God/godsdecide either before or after a soulfulnesss life on earth wherethe person will live in the afterlife, depending on thepersons values. Both believe one would either go to a badplace, called Hell or Hades, or a good place, called heavenor the Elysian Fields. Likewise both believe in an afterlifethat is eternally chosen. The ideas of the followers ofChristianity and Greek religions are also very different. Tobegin, Christians believe in one almighty God. This is alsoknown as monotheism. Christians believe this God gave theworld his only son. When that son was chuck to death by ahuman, He told the people He would die to forgive theirsins. This shows that God and His son were both carin gand forgiving beings. They are regard by the followersof Christianity. God helps humans. Humans pray to thisGod for help and forgiveness. People also go to church tolearn about their religion and to settle their respects to God.The church is thought to be Gods house. This is whypeople get dressed up and try to look nice when they areguests in Gods house. God and Jesus are thought to live inheaven. Greeks, however, are very different fromChristians. They believe in many gods. This is also knownas polytheism. These gods are mean and torture the

Foreign Language Essay -- Language

Only 9% of the U.S. population is bilingual, and less than 8% of college students enroll in foreign talking to courses (Baron). The United States has not put enough emphasis on the importance of foreign speech education. People are not aware of the price this hoidenish pays due to a lack of language professionals. Its bailiwick security and diplomacy are lagging behind. Ameri lav companies are becoming less prevalent in the international economy. Americans are isolated from culture that thrives in their communities. However, the future generations can be salvaged from this weak state with foreign language education. The teaching of foreign language in American public schools will help shape a culturally-nourished nation ready to advance into international political, economic, and social affairs.The national security and diplomatical affairs in the United States has suffered and will continue to if foreign language education is not rectified and strengthened. Perhaps the most seve re tragedy on American soil, 9/11, exposed the language-related weaknesses of the U.S. government and intelligence agencies. After 9/11, the intelligence community revealed that it was only 30% prepared in languages crucial to national security (Holt). Although the government, had 123,000 hours of Arabic language recordings following the attacks, there werent enough linguistic professionals to analyze the information (Holt). In 2006 the FBI reported that only 33 FBI employees had curb skills in Arabic (Holt). However, they werent even in departments in which their skills could be used towards counterterrorism (Holt). The breach in national security is widening when intelligence agencies can only offer agents with limited language skills. There are intel... ...gn-language-educ_b_127588.html.Lowery, George. Cornell Chronicle U.S. Should Emphasize unusual Language Education. Cornell Chronicle Online. 24 Oct. 2007. Web. 03 Jan. 2012. .Osborn, Terry A. The Future of Foreign Language E ducation in the United States. Westport, CT Bergin & Garvey, 2002. Print.Pufahl, Ingrid, Nancy C. Rhodes, and Donna Christian. CAL Digests What We Can Learn From Foreign Language Teaching In Other Countries. Center for Applied Linguistics. Sept. 2001. Web. 02 Jan. 2012. .Ramzy, Austin. deal Ahead, Learn Mandarin - TIME. TIME World. Breaking News, Analysis, Politics, Blogs, News Photos, Video, Tech Reviews - TIME.com. 26 June 2006. Web. 02 Jan. 2012. .