However, the German people who were hungry and bitter wanted new faces, they wanted to see change

â€Å"The war was now lost,†1 a quote from General Ludendorff's evidence to a post war assembly. It was 1918 and Germany had been defeated. Kaiser Wilhelm had fled to Holland on the advice of General Ludendorff, who had also urged an armistice. To preserve the reputation of the military forces of Germany, Ludendorff wanted the creation of a civilian government, in the hope that a civilian government could take the blame for Germany's defeat, a revolution from above, to maintain the vision of a still, strong, military force. The country of Germany had to repair itself to survive. The old constitution had to change, not that it could be classed as old. Germany was a relatively new country, unified in 1871, but because of growing popular unrest and economic discontent, the hierarchy of Germany had to be seen as making changes for the benefit of the population. The age of monarchy was dissolved and replaced by a new civilian government. The new constitution would be known as the Weimar Constitution. The new constitution would embrace democracy, it would be an elected government, headed by a president, and elections were to be every seven years. The parliament was known as the Reichstag. All men and women over the age of twenty were entitled to vote. All Germans were deemed equal under the law. In consequence of this, professional people such as doctors, lawyers and teachers did not want to be equal to proletarians or the lumper proletarians, professional, middle class people believed they were better, why should the whole of society be given an education and opportunities. In addition, social rights were given to the people, such as, free speech, a country free of censorship, education for all, religious freedom, and the entitlement to negotiate for better working conditions as well as having protection from the state. Unfortunately, Germany was a conservative, traditional country, too much freedom all at once could be too much to cope with, progressive free liberties, introduced on a slower scale might have worked better. Fredrich Ebert was the leader of the social democratic party, who had the following of the majority of the people and in November 1918, was made the first chancellor of the new constitution. Included within the constitution was article 48, this article gave permission for the president to dissolve the Reichstag, and act on his own, with the aid of, if necessary, military force. Consequently it could be argued about who was actually in charge of the constitution, was it the representative assembly or the elected head of state. The elected president had the right to interfere with legislation; it seemed a contradiction of a democratic republic. This immediately throws into disarray the whole idea of a democracy, as well as according to a USPD deputy â€Å"if some henchmen of the Hohenzollerns (the royal family), a general perhaps were to be at the head of the Reich,†2 article 48 could be a weakness exploited by military men to use to their advantage as a military coup. Ebert needed the army on side, particularly to cease uprisings by the left wing. Ebert was a socialist but not a communist, neither to his favour was General Groener, who Ebert forged a deal with to win his support, Ebert would keep the authority of any existing officers, thus, the army would defend the new government so uprisings from the left were easily suppressed. This went against the constitution. The Left Wing unified with the extreme Right over this, because they saw it as a supression to prevent revolution from the middle classes. The KPD co-operated with the extreme Right in efforts to destroy the constitution. Furthermore, Ebert kept existing civil servants and members of the judiciary in their positions, keeping the people he needed to rely on in favourable positions. In addition to this, Ebert needed experienced people to try and keep the infa-structure of Germany on a stable footing. However, the German people who were hungry and bitter wanted new faces, they wanted to see change. To keep things as they were was not a democracy, according to an anonymous exiled SPD member, the German working class should have taken over the old state, to leave things unchanged was a grave historical error and not a good start to a new democratic, republican state. Many of he German people refused to accept the new constitution as being legitimate; these people were not used to as much freedom as was being promised. They were battered from the war and not ready for such a change. If the new constitution was going to be part of their lives, maybe initiating it alongside a monarchy would have been more successful in winning them over traditionalists and nationalists cannot be changed overnight. The first real threat for Weimar was The Treaty of Versailles in 1919†³Death rather than slavery,†3 quoted the nationalist newspaper, Duetsche Zeitung. The whole of Germany rejected the Treaty, but the constitution had no choice but to accept it,†There is no alternative to accepting the armistice terms. It is however, already apparent that these conditions will not produce a just peace. The sacrifices on us are tremendous; they must lead to our peoples doom,†3 Germany was brought to its knees by reparations, loss of territory, war guilt and the limitations of a reduced military force, which country would survive, historian A.Nicholls,4 (1979) sums up the Treaty and the impact on the Weimar republic, â€Å"Germany's economy was ruined by reparations and her security undermined. Much more serious was the political demoralisation which the treaty caused with in the Reich itself †¦ The real damage the treaty did to Germany was to disillusion the more moderate men who might otherwise have supported their new republic†¦The peace settlement continued to poison the political atmosphere in Germany for many years.†4 The Treaty helped the radical right wing political party's gain support and challenge the new Weimar republican government. The main right wing parties rejected the republic and its principles and wanted to destroy the democratic constitution and go back to a nationalist system, the signing of the Treaty only reinforced that the new government wasn't working for the people. The aim of the Right Wing was to abolish the constitution and instead have a conservative, authoritarian regime, unlike other conservative political parties in well-established democracies. It was in March 1920 that the first major problem from the Right occurred. A right wing coup named after its leader Kapp was initiated. It only failed due to a general strike. After marching on Berlin the governments troops refused to fire on the freikorps, the support for a democratic republic was not where the army's loyalties lay, after all it was only because of secret talks between Ebert and Groener, and the fact that Groener was only protecting his position that the army only HAD to support the new Republic, through orders of their commander, they did not support the republic voluntarily. The judiciary dealt with the people involved with Kapp leniently, showing that the judiciary was not in favour of a democratic country, they were still in favour of the old nationalist Germany. The Right wing consisted of the military, financial elites, state beurocracy, the educational system and some of the press. However, the Kapp Putsch did demonstrate weaknesses in the New Constitution, democracy in Germany lost its way, there was no political control over the military, the government could not enforce its authority even in its own capital; the government could not put down a challenge to its own authority and only because of mass power was government authority re- established. It wasn't due to support of the constitution that people supported a general strike. It was due to the fact that peace was more important than political beliefs and who would want a revolution in their town. In addition to this the failure of Kapp being brought to justice led to a spate of assinations committed by the Right Wing against supporters of the Weimar Constitution. Over 350 political murders took place between 1919 and 1923. Again the perpetrators were dealt with leniently, showing support for the nationalists, and the weak decision of keeping the same people in their jobs, â€Å"when the republic was created, these judges held over from the monarchy found it impossible to transfer their allegiance to the new organisation of the state†¦They created a private law and subverted (undermined) the public law of the Republic by refusing to administer justice in an equal manner to all people, â€Å"5Kurt Tucholsky, left wing satirist. Ebert was in an impossible situation, the Treaty was the major factor in undermining the democratic constitution, and money for the reparations had to be found, promises of a welfare state and a new age for Germany and the rebuilding of great German country seemed impossible. It was no fun for those having to live under the crippling conditions imposed by the Treaty. In addition to this, Ebert's new Republican foundations were established in debt from the reign of the Kaiser and the war; the country was already weak economically from the war. The only way to remedy a weak economy and pay off debts was through taxes and inflation. War cost, lack of confidence in the currency, reparations, trade deficit and the governments apparent solution to print more and more money, all led to an economic crisis. People on fixed incomes and the middle class lost out to hyperinflation. Whilst people with debts, mortgages, tradesmen, industrialists and estate agents benefited through hyperinflation. In addition to this, levels of unemployment were kept down and new, international investments were encouraged. Despite the negative effects of hyperinflation, workers were economically better off due to increased levels of economic activity. Unfortunately, the Weimar Republic weakened with hyperinflation due to ill health suffered by the population; this was the result of inflation-induced poverty, the new constitution was blamed for this, again injuring the constitution.†The savings, hopes, plans and assumptions and aspirations of huge numbers of people were swept away in a whirlwind†¦ Even when the worst material impact was over, the psychological shock of the experience was to have longer lasting effects, confirming a deep-seated dislike of democracy†6 In June 1920, the Weimar Constitution lost its majority. A constitution that had been run by coalition governments, needed that majority, other parties were dissatisfied with the constitution, and because none of the other party's gained 50% of the vote, unstable coalition governments ruled Germany. Add to this bickering and lack of agreement on both domestic and foreign policies, co-operation became lax and there were too many minorities and no majorities. Elections were built around suffering and proportional representation. What could be seen, as a strength was actually a weakness. Because everybody was allowed to vote, including extremists from the left and the right. Which meant that with proportional voting, that the minor parties got seats in the Reichstag, thus, disrupting proceedings and make the leading party and the constitution look weak. In conclusion the Weimar Republic looked on paper like a sure, fire hit but because of the introduction of democracy and no strong patriarchal leader problems were bound to arise. The Kaiser was much loved and respected by a traditional and loyal Germany, the Germans were confused. They were being promised greatness and security but because of the Treaty and the in -fighting the German people never saw what was promised. They only saw problem after problem. Ebert was a great statesman but circumstances prevented the constitution being a success, and it does take time for new ideas to begin to work, if the Treaty had never been signed by the countries involved Germany would have been great, maybe the blame should be put upon the USA, Italy, France and Britain. The new constitution never stood a chance.

Critical Analysis of Quality Management System Essay

1. Summary During the presentation, our group developed a quality management system for a higher educational library. It covered a quality management system model, quality management principles, quality management documentations, and advantages and disadvantages of this quality management system. 2. A result of presentation session See more: how to write a good critical analysis essay A quality management system(QMS) can be defined as: ‘A set of co-ordinated activities to direct and control an organisation in order to continually improve the effectiveness and efficiency of its performance.’ (businessballs, 2000) It can be seen as consisting of all components of an organisation which are dealing with the quality of services and products. A effective quality management system not only makes an organisation more efficient or customers focused, but also it will improve all processes from production to services in the organisation. The aim of developing this quality management system is to improve the service quality of a higher education establishment. The university library has been chosen to be implemented by this new quality management system. The university library, which combine with conventional production and online system, is an important part of higher education processes. As one of university community services, it finds out a unique way to measure and assess the procedures in order to ensure the quality of services offered to users and satisfy them. This QMS is based on existing quality management systems such as ISO9001:2008. And it starts with collecting customers’ needs and organisation’s needs in order to bring useful activities, follows a specific plan and customer focused strategy to fully make a use of involved people, resources and partnerships, and works out the processes which brings customers outputs such as products and services. Also, customers will give feedback which can be performed to analyse, measure and improve the whole system. For completing those procedures, the system also involves corrective action teams, sub processes system, measurement tools and gold targets strategies to make sure the entire system will be completely operated and under control. 3. Modifications and developments of QMS During the implementing phase, the biggest weakness of this QMS could be lack of communication between involved people in the organisation. According to this situation, the process communication will be involved in this QMS model. Also, about the documentation, this session will be more specific of how system will work under this QMS. †¢ Requirement Management 1) Customer needs Library should be aware of the customer demands and ensure the requirements are achieved to match the communications. For the university, the students and teachers’ requirements should be collected during all the phases of operating the library. This is based on communicating with customer in relation to requirements of environment, products and services. Therefore, a regular investigation or survey would be essential for library to understand the current and future requirements from students and teachers. 2) Organisation needs Library should care customer needs whether they are under organisation’s control or not, and combine with the organisation needs to increase the usability. It requires a balance between customer needs and organisation needs as how the library can present an effective arrangement of usability ans feasibility, so that it would meet all the requirements that customers want, but not over design for customers down to get lost. Also, a regular investigation will be achieved with customer needs changed. †¢ Strategy & Plan 1) Strategy Strategy is based on the customer needs and expectations and defines the environment management. It sets up a baseline of QMS that how to operate a library, clarifies the purpose and scope, and specifies the significant work environment for a library. And it is always a target during implementing the library. Every component in the system corresponds to one or more strategies. When requirements are maintained, relevant strategies will be maintained as well. 2) Plan The planning of QMS is carried out to reach the customer needs and integrate the maintenances during planning and implementing under strategies. For library, it presents all the requirements which combine with the strategies and operations that should be applied into this system. When changes take place, library staffs can figure out how to modify and keep the other components still working, so that the maintenance will not impact the entire library system. †¢ Resource Management 1) Involvement of people Library should ensure full of people participate in the QMS to product requirements in order to support the strategy. And the participation in library is about training and empowering staffs, develop the knowledge and full potential of working people, team working, and a specific plan of these activities to support the strategy and plan, so that staffs can work more efficiently and offer better products and services to students and teachers. 2) Resources & Partnership Library should manage the external partnerships and internal resources to improve the QMS. For the library, external partnerships includes university that belongs to, or companies that cooperates with. Internal resources includes infrastructure such as hardware: buildings, equipments, and materials, software: technology, information, and skills. This QMS will offer an way to library staffs of working more effectively and flexibly with those resources. †¢ Process Management Library should manage and improve the processes to support the strategy and validate the outputs of processes such as products and services. That means the processes are implemented and improved in order to realise the products and services to fully satisfy the customers and increase final value of satisfaction index or profit. For library, staffs should check all the processes whether work well or not, and products and services carefully in order to increase the quality. †¢ Communication Management ‘Communication is a two-way process. As well as the need to gain support from top management and the staff during the launch of a quality management project, it is also important to enable staff to provide feedback on how to improve its operation.'(eurogeographics, 2000) In the library, it requires staffs to carry out the easiest and fastest way to communicate with the others either to find out the support or bring feedback to develop the system. †¢ Customer Satisfaction Library should measure the performance whether it meets customer needs and continually improve the efficiency of QMS in order to enhance customer satisfaction. During operating the library, the feedback of customer should be collected usually to know what should be improved of QMS, and deliver a better operation. It also requires a regular investigation and survey to realise. 4. Advantages of QMS For this modified QMS, it shows more effective and flexible for operating. Also, it maximises the working potential and efficiency of staffs and minimises the waste of operating processes. Compared to rival system: BS EN ISO9001:2008, the advantages of this system would be: †¢ This QMS is developed for the higher educational library, it will adapt overall performance for operating the library, and benefit the continuous improvement of quality of products and services. Compared to ISO9001:2008, this system will be easier to establish and realise above achievements. †¢ Depending on ISO9001:2008, it requires the staffs supply a good quality of service, but does not mention how they can achieve that. In this QMS, it requires library staffs carry out full potential to empower and develop knowledge about this QMS, and train for team working to bring a better quality of services to students and teachers. †¢ ISO9001:2008 would bring a large cost to implement in a higher educational library. For this QMS, it will not need to change so much to fit current library, so that it decrease the implementation cost, reduce time and resources wastes, and increase management efficiency to reach next level. †¢ This library QMS will satisfy requirement management better than ISO9001:2008. It collects both customer needs and organisation needs and combines these two requirements in order to deliver a better performance not only for customers, but also for involved staffs and university. This process would obviously increase customer satisfaction. 5. Disadvantages of QMS However, the limitation of this QMS is developed for the higher educational library only. It will not fit for large commercial organisations. On the other hand, every QMS requires to improve continuously with the passing of time. It will increase the wastes of cost and time in any way. 6. Conclusion Quality management system provides a management framework and principles that library can fully control the system to deliver better products and services. Although a quality management system will bring such disadvantages to organisation, it is still an effective measure tool because of advantages being more than disadvantages. 7. Reference †¢ BS EN ISO9001:2008(2009):†Quality management systems – Requirements†, 4 – 8 BSI Standards Publication †¢ BS EN ISO14001:2004(2009):†Environmental management systems – Requirements with guidance for use†, 4 – 8 BSI Standards Publication †¢ Eurogeographics(2000) â€Å"HANDBOOK FOR IMPLEMENTING A QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN A NATIONAL MAPPING AGENCY†[online] Available from: †¢ Businessballs(2000) â€Å"Quality Management Systems†[online] Available from:

How does films Crash, The Amistad and American History X describe and Essay

How does films Crash, The Amistad and American History X describe and debate integration in America today - Essay Example Naturally, racism itself is a complex term due to the fact that it is not one-sided or attributable to a singular group. The fact remains, as will be mentioned within this analysis, that racism easily crosses lines of color and can exhibit itself in a number of situations. As a means of analyzing such question, the author of this brief essay will analyze the way that three films represent the issues associated with racism: â€Å"Crash†, â€Å"Amistad†, and â€Å"American History X†. The first of the films which will be analyzed, entitled â€Å"Crash†, is perhaps the most complex analysis of racial issues within society. This is affected by the fact that rather than merely introducing the issue of race and expounding upon it within the story line, the filmmaker uses race and its interpretation between the various groups represented as vehicle of plot development and exploration. Moreover, by seeking to defined race and racism within the context of each of the different groups represented, white, black, and Latino, the viewer is made distinctly aware of the fact that a simple and convenient understanding of racism as being one-dimensional is not sufficient to comprehend the realities that are represented. This multidimensional representation of racism is useful due to the fact that society and filmmakers have traditionally only represented the issue from a given perspective (Sharma 2010). However, by representing the issue in a way that shows the give and take nature of race and racism within the society, the viewer is able to notice how traditional understandings of racism are ultimately encouraged and propagated by the views that â€Å"others† hold with relation to the topic. Accordingly, the second film that will be discussed, â€Å"Amistad†, relates the story of a slave uprising aboard a slave ship bound for the United States. This particular film represents well represents the moral bankruptcy of the practice of slavery as well as

Midterm Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Midterm - Assignment Example For this reason, as per the market research organization named as IDC (Burrows 28-34), the never ending diversity of mobile application development has facilitated iPhone to quickly gain 14% of the market share with comparing to 3.5% market share of Android. However, mobile application developers highlighted an issue with the pay they receive against their work, as they were not able to make money (Burrows 28-34). The reason for this issue is the freeware available on the Internet and the applications that are purchased are very few worth 99 cents or more. Few of the mobile application developers embedded advertisements in their application and gained benefits. Again, the scope of these advertisements was limited, resulting in less effective outcomes. In order to address these issues, Apple Inc. suggested several factors or ways employing user data and geo-location technology for making advertisement legitimate. For instance, if the user is surfing the web at lunchtime, he/she will s ee an advertisement on special deals for a restaurant nearest to the location (Burrows 28-34). In this way, the gadget, i.e., the iPhone capabilities, can also be utilized effectively. By taking this new approach forward, Apple Inc. recognized that there is a requirement of a network for advertisement agencies along with the technology for focusing and targeting specific advertisements to customer behavioral characteristics (Burrows 28-34). Similarly, by the end of 2009, Apple Inc. participated in the bidding for AdMob that is a leader in mobile advertisement sector (Shah and Shah 437-438). As a result, almost 50% advertisements were broadcasted on smartphones ended on Apple gadgets including iPhone and iPod touch, as iPod touch is also compatible to execute apple applications (Burrows 28-34). However, prior to complete the bid, Google Inc. that is considered to be the tough competitor for Apple Inc. announced an astonishing amount of $750 million for the organization. Apple Inc. qu ickly turned the decision from AdMob to Waltham (Mass.)-based Quattro Wireless, which is considered to be the closest competitor for AdMob (Burrows 28-34). However, in order to achieve business goals and maintain the competitive advantage, Apple Inc. defines its Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure as: The primary objective is to lodge all the key stakeholders has been resolved Consolidated and Centralized ICT management with distributed activities Ease of Development and deployment of technologies Sharing information among different stake holders and to make them familiar with ICT Cost effective ("Shri Jagdamba Samiti") Moreover, apart from the ICT infrastructure, Apple Inc. also maintains a data warehouse containing valuable data that can facilitate advertisement business. Apple Inc. knows exactly the type of downloads requested from iTunes that may not be limited to apps, video, podcasts and comprehensive information of customers (Burrows 28-34). This upd ated customer knowledgebase enables the organization to customize its advertisement on the basis of the user preferences available in the database (Burrows 28-34). Moreover, Quattro’s ad-serving technology is also incorporated for gaining customer behavior patterns. This technology is also facilitating Netflix, Procter & Gamble and other global leaders. The customer behavior patterns provide circumstances for any customer who interacts with any one of the advertisement links or

The Effects of Brand Management (Global and Domestic) on the Internet Research Paper

The Effects of Brand Management (Global and Domestic) on the Internet - Research Paper Example This paper illustrates that the activity of brand management is equally important for both domestic and global brands as the prime objective of every organization, whether operating nationally or internationally, is similar, i.e. to increase profit margin through sales. Hence, in order to fulfill this aim, every organization attempts to offer high concentration over the concept of branding of products. Branding also improves the position of a particular product thereby improving its sustainability in future times. Besides, in this era of modernization and industrialization, the process of brand management, both in case of domestic and global concept, has developed as quite easier being restructured. Majorly, this is due to emergence of Information Technology (IT) which has eased the process of marketing of the products and /or services. Moreover, introduction of IT enhanced the passion of the Internet which offered a considerable impact on brand management in today’s context. Hence, it can be affirmed that introduction of Internet services has not only augmented the brand portfolio of business concerns but has also alleviated the efficiency of a product both in domestic and global scenario. Riezebos, Rizebos, Kist, and Kootstra describe brand management as the process which offers a detailed perception about a particular brand of an enterprise. Brand management is an art of performing various research processes in order to introduce inventive features in the brand. The main objective behind this type of procedure is to offer innovative products along with modern facets and thus retain its position in this competitive market. In addition, with the help of branding, brand equity along with customer tastes and preferences can also be analyzed in an effective way. This facilitates in improving both the tangible and intangible aspects of a brand, which enhances its stability and consistency in the market. Thus, branding is mainly important in order to provide the message to the targeted customers regarding a particular brand. This would at large enhance loyalty and help to establish an emotional relationship

The Christian View of Scripture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Christian View of Scripture - Essay Example However, what is the difference between strict and limited inerrancy? Is it just another â€Å"interpretation† mechanism used to appease those around us? Knowing whether the Bible is reliable or not is what thousands of scholars try to prove or disprove on a daily basis. Some scholars write books, some preach and others just take it all in with the hopes that when it all comes down to the last days, what God said in the Bible will be true. Things will line up, things will make sense. It will be like a math problem with an obvious answer. The problem is that there is no obvious answer. According to Theopedia, an online resource, inerrancy is â€Å"the view that when all the facts become known, they will demonstrate that the bible, in its original autographs and correctly interpreted is entirely true and never false in all it affirms†¦Ã¢â‚¬  But there have been so many translations of the Bible, who is to know which one isâ€Å"Original† in all it affirms? This que stion has puzzled many Bible readers, and theologians. Another question that has puzzled people more is whether there is a difference between strict and limited inerrancy. Which one is more convincing and why? Limited inerrancy, according to Spotlight Ministries, is the idea that what God intends to convey in scripture, or the message of scripture, is without error.

Science and Church Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Science and Church - Essay Example He confronted authority and tradition by putting these theories before those of religion. Aristotlianism was the frame of the Christian Science and so rejecting Aristotle means rejecting Christianity. Because of this Rome rejected Galileo's theories and sentenced him to life imprisonment according to several reasons. About these several reasons like authorities, arguments from common sense, dubitability of telescope, the political consequences of this age and these reasons' unreality and illogicality will be argued in this essay. The end of the 16th and the 17th centuries were featured by the scientific revolution greatly brought about by Galileo Galilei. He supported Democritos's theories in opposition to those of Aristotle who had argued that everything that existed in nature has a purpose. Democrito maintained that the universe and its organisms are formed by atoms in a continuous and arbitrary movement. His philosophy was thus founded on observation and not on finalism as was that of Aristotle: on how, not on why. This was in direct collision with the church which ideally supported the Aristotle's philosophy. Galileo asserted that he had managed to show the theory of Coperni... He also had the insight of not only using the telescope to see the planets, but also to use lenses to examine the tinny things of this world, and told his students to do so. This in essence brought about political consequences where by the inquisition threatened him with torture, forced him to recant, and subjected him to life imprisonment in 1633. The charge was "suspicion of heresy" and was after the church had taken the position that if a Biblical interpretation was found to be in conflict with scientific fact, the Bible was to be interpreted metaphorically. Bible teachings caused the church to oppose Galileo's proof that the earth rotates on its axis and revolves around the sun. Galileo argued that the sun was the centre of the universe which totally differed with common sense as well as the scripture. From common sense perspective, there are only three dimensions in space. All matter in the universe evolves in time, just as explained by Newton. Hence, we can say that the universe is mathematically flat which Galileo proved otherwise. Conclusion The disagreement has been presented tremendously in Galileo's favor. To this date, he is seen as the champion of enlightenment against the blind despotic power of the church. Galileo's "mistake," according to this fascinating study, was not one of science or mathematics, philosophy or religion, but one of diplomacy. Works cited Notes provided by the tutor, a paper by Peter E. Hudgson "Galileo the scientist"